Characteristics Of Theorists Maslow s Behavior Management...

Compare and Contrast Theories Paper Stephanie Ford Liberty University Characteristics of Theorists Abraham Maslow The main element of Abraham Maslow’s behavior management theory is a hierarchy of needs. These needs begin with physiological needs and progress through safety and security, belongingness and affection, self-respect, self-actualization, and finally knowledge and understanding (Jones and Jones, 2013). Kenrick, Griskevicius, Neuberg, and Schaller (2010) state that the organization of these needs in hierarchical order indicates that certain needs are more important than others. Maslow’s hierarchical order suggests that if a student’s basic physiological needs are not being met, such as the need to eat, feel safe, or feel loved, then students will be unable to focus on a level that allows them to learn. As a result of one of these needs not being met, students will use negative behavior to indicate there is a need (Jones and Jones, 2013). According to Maslow’s theory, when teacher’s encounter students who are exhibiting negative behavi or, they are to work with the students in order to understand what need is not being met and devise a strategy to meet that need, rather than assume the child is behaving negatively without cause. Rudolf Dreikurs The behavior management theory of Rudolf Dreikurs focused on the motivation of a student’s behavior. He believed that the main need of a student was to be accepted and that certain behavior was a meansShow MoreRelatedMaslows Classroom Management Theory1442 Words   |  6 Pagesconsider the various motivations that contribute to behaviors that motivate or prevent learning from taking place. Maslow, Dreikurs, Glasser, and Coopersmith are a few theorists that offer insight for behavioral motivations. This paper will compare these theorists research and determine which views correlate with this writer’s classroom management theory. Maslow There are set of basic needs discussed by Maslow. Jones and Jones write that Maslow believes that these basic needs must be met for studentsRead MoreNeed Theories: Comparing Maslow, Alderfer, and Mcclelland1194 Words   |  5 Pages19 July 2014 Need Theories: Comparing Maslow, Alderfer, and McClelland Most theories of motivation revolve around the idea an employee’s needs influence their motivation.  Needs  are physiological or psychological scarcities that stimulate behavior therefore are necessary to live a healthy, productive lives both in personal and work lives. â€Å"If work is meaningless, then life comes close to being meaningless†(Maslow, Stephens Heil 39). These needs, whether weak or strong and are greatly influencedRead MoreThe Theory Of The Australian Human Resource Institute1944 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive summary Through the need of a change within the management of the Australian Human Resource institute this report has outlined efficient ways in improving the success rate of the Australian manufacturing sectors. However, in discovering the right way to dealt the management different theories have been looked upon. The classical 1909 theory was proposed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, which explained that improving management is based on the efficiency and productivity of the employees. ThisRead MoreTheories Of Personality And Personality Theory4645 Words   |  19 Pagesinformative paper that explores theories of personality. The investigation that is included explains different views from past and present psychologists, from two different theories used in class during the semester. It is prevalent that a person development can suffer from behavioral and psychodynamic problems due to inconsistencies in their life growing up. This paper will discuss an eclectic view of ones personality in conj unct with a formulation of my own personality theory of development. Read MoreManagement Theory Taxonomy2572 Words   |  11 PagesManagement Theory Taxonomy Some would define management as an art, while others would define it as a science. Management is not an exact science, but rather is a mix of art, scientific methodology, intuition, investigation, and most of all, experimentation (Miller Vaughan, 2001, Winter). Management is not static. It is evolving, as are people who manage and are managed. (http://angel02.gcu.edu/AngeIUploads/ContentlMGT301 LORI assic/9668726CD47F4 EFAB1A77328734D41 EC/!ecture MGRead MoreDiscuss How Management Theory and Practice Has Changed over Since the Early 1900’s1408 Words   |  6 Pagesevolution of management has been changed a lot since the early 1900’s. Many different management theories have been developed, the external factor also changing at the same time, such as the technology and the nature of career. Those changing influence the trend of management method. There are four major approaches in the past, classical approaches, behavioral approaches, quantitative approaches and modern approaches. At the past, efficiency is the most important in the earliest management theories. HoweverRead MoreMaslows Biological Factors vs Humanistic Theory1272 Words   |  6 Pagesbiological factors that influence the formation of personality. Examine the relationship of biological factors to Maslow’s theory of personality, explained the basic aspect of humanistic theory that are incompatible with biological e xplanations of personality. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs theory still remain valid today for understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development. Maslow’s ideas surrounding the hierarchy of needs concerning the responsibility ofRead MoreDIFFERENT APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT4510 Words   |  19 Pages DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT Management was influenced by various disciplines like sociology, economics, political science, anthropology, psychology, and even literature. Due to such multidisciplinary influences, even authors like Harold Koontz (1961) referred to management as a ‘jungle’. Even then, differences exist in the classification of approaches. Although one of the ways to classify management approaches is from the analysis of John G. Hutchinson (1971), which considersRead MoreMotivation At Work Place For The Workplace2668 Words   |  11 PagesAnalysis 6 Maslow hierarchy of needs 7 Alderfer’S ERG theory 8 Acquired needs theory 8 Cognitive evaluation theory 8 Two factor theory (Herzberg) 9 Equity theory 9 Reinforcement theory 10 Expectancy theory (Vroom) 10 Recommendation and conclusion 10 Conclusion 10 Recommendation 11 Develop a positive work climate 11 Employee development 11 Focus more on intrinsic and extrinsic motivators 11 Adopt strict hiring practices 11 Recruit managers and supervisors with the right characteristics and leadershipRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Issues9605 Words   |  39 PagesQuestions on Organizational Behavior Prepared by Dr. Stephen Hartman, School of Management, New York Institute of Technology. 1. How have American companies suffered in recent years? In an effort to reduce costs, restructuring and downsizing have affected almost every organization. However, recent research suggests that there are costs for these organizations in terms of their impaired ability to perform long term. Many companies have shown poor leadership when trying to capitalize on technological

Private Facts on Narrative Essay Bc Provincai Exam Samples That Only the Experts Know Exist

Private Facts on Narrative Essay Bc Provincai Exam Samples That Only the Experts Know Exist This has been shown to be an extremely powerful and speedy approach to assist with a writing assignment and find the business done properly. If you're looking for improving grades, you have arrived at the right location. The majority of the moment, this can be contingent upon an individual or activity you've observed and learned from. Learning something new can be a frightening experience. Being in college might be a tiny struggle for some. The starting point of each story is true and it's obvious that, so as to be worthy of being told, it has to be an interesting one. Quite often, naturally, this is going to be a story from your life. If you're in college you're in for both big and smallish surprises. The Meaning of Narrative Essay Bc Provincai Exam Samples The pure preparation went somehow in this way. High school isn't free in Kenya. Yukon schools will assist students during the transition to be sure they understand what they have to complete to be able to graduate. In case you have any questions regarding the group of your private information please contact the e-learning programs unit. The particular modules that every user must complete is dependent on their particular job function. There are not any modifications to the range of credits or courses needed to graduate. This guide doesn't cover the new grade 10 provincials. Let's aim for approximately ten paragraphs. The range of points should correspond to the range of paragraphs in the home part. In the given example above, you can write about what you've learned through the full term inside this section. The principal concern here is the well-being of individuals in contrast to the financial considerations of the very first text. That realization proceeds to pay dividends each day. The body is broken into different paragraphs based on the should lay out all of the support for the principal point. It is difficult to express their depth with different neutral words only. The second text addresses the importance for people to talk when they suffer from stress. At times, even after reading guidelines and suggestions about how to compose a particular assignment, it's still true that you don't quite know how to put it all together. Telling facts isn't a difficult job, and it may also be fun. In some report to come, I'll handle the point above a whole lot more fully. And this isn't the close of the story yet. The Secret to Narrative Essay Bc Provincai Exam Samples Planning is essential for this type of essay, along with for any other kind. In case you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask. It is going to also equip you with the needed knowledge to attack the unknown topics. Thus, let's take a peek at how to begin a narrative essay. To offer you a remedy on how best to compose an impressive college essay, here are some hints you may wish to consider. However, not all those stories in your brain will result in a very good narrative essay. Select a topic which you like most and start to compose your story that will be a bestseller in your classroom or lecture hall. Unfortunately, nowadays it's possible to locate many companies on the internet that aren't legit and cheat on their customers. It is recommended to look for the one which has a very good reputation and offers high-quality papers at inexpensive rates. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. That is the reason we are sure in the expertise and the standard of their papers. Tutorials, 303 words Writing an application is among the principal steps for you to be admitted to the college of your selection. Code Books must have no extra sheets of paper. Essays and reports are only some of the most usual documents written whilst in the academe. Copies or certified copies won't be accepted.

The Positive Effects of Music on Young Children Essay

Music has been around for ages and over time, people have changed the way it sounds, how often we listen to it, and what purpose it serves. Uses for music have become more innovative and scientifically purposeful over the years. Recently, it has been proven that children who grow up under the influence of music have a rounder, fuller experience in their education. This higher education helps children later in life as teens and young adults. Music in the lives of young children improves cognitive knowledge as well as social skills (Borgese 2). Through the use of music, children have been able to improve their math and science scores, which can become useful later in life with tests like the SAT. Recent data from the University of Texas†¦show more content†¦Learning to play an instrument also promotes coordination and patience; motor skills and eye-hand coordination are improved through this learning process. Children who have been given the opportunity to take music lessons h ave showed obvious advantages of those who did not. Those who partook in lessons dramatically improved their abilities to solve mazes, copy patterns of color, and draw geometric figures (Hochman). Patience is built in a child while learning to play an instrument, which will help them later in life when forced to tackle larger, more difficult situations. A child is also likely to be able to relax whether they are listening to music or they are learning to play the music themselves. Researchers have acknowledged that listening to certain types of music can lower blood pressure and heart rate (2). Incorporating music into the lives of children has immediate and long term benefits. Many parents want to help their children become interested in music but are not sure how to do such. There are many different ways to broaden a child’s horizons in music, many of which will also deepen the child to parent relationship (Sibal 5) . Allowing a child to see their parent playing an instrume nt will invoke curiosity and cause the child to want to take part in the activity. An activity as uncomplicated as singing to your child or around them has positive benefits. Babies exhibit a preference for a songShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music On Children And Young Adults1292 Words   |  6 PagesSusan Hallam is a professor of education and music psychology at the Institute of Education of the University of London. Hallam assessed many studies of the influence of music on children and young adults in the process of writing her journal article. She organizes her paper into three main categories: the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people. Within the paper, she explains how numerous studies have found positive correlations between continued musical trainingRead More Musics Effect on Intelligence Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesMusics Effect on Intelligence Music is said to affect the intellect of humans in several different ways. Specifically, it is said to affect infants more than any other age group. Music can improve learning skills, test taking skills, concentration, heartbeat, and relaxation. Music has been proven to offer several benefits for infants, young children, young adults, as well as for adults. With all of this in mind, how can one connect music with intellect? Many recent research studies focusRead More Music Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesMusic Hip-Hop Getting a Bad Rap Among many problems in society today, rap music is being blamed for the confusion of Americas youths. One key problem is the way a child is raised. Not having a positive role model can have a powerful effect on a child. The other dilemma is the type of rap music. Gangster rappers lyrics seem to corrupt and have a negative image on a youths mind. Two possible steps to taking the blame away from rap music is by placing the spotlight on other influences suchRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Children With Autism1476 Words   |  6 Pages Each day that goes by more people are becoming aware of the problem of autism. With the overall number of children effected with autism increasing everyday, there is a panic to find a solution to better treatment and therapy. As a result, the costs of autism care could reach an all time high of well over one hundred billion dollars. Without proper research this number could rise even more. Therefore, there is a need for better groundwork to bring the predicted cost of autism care down. ToRead MoreHow Rap Music effects Children1363 Words   |  6 PagesHow Rap Music effects children. by Aren Darneal. Mrs.Glovers english 3. The urban youth of today are highly influenced by the lyrics of the music they listen to. This music can be narrowed down to today’s version of hip-hop, or more commonly called rap. The youth are influenced by the lyrics and want to be like the rappers and live their lifestyle. What do these artists specifically talk about that want the youth to act this way? Most rap artists today produce the images of drug abuse, prostitutionRead MoreRap Music And Its Impact On Society1081 Words   |  5 PagesIt is everywhere. Rap music is widespread and easily available anywhere. It can be listened to on the radio at a train station, on the Internet, and on phones, permitting the youth to listen to it in various circumstances, either on their way to school or along with their friends. Music has always had a tremendous effect on cultures and societies around the world. It affects how people act, speak, and dress. In today’s society, rap music has become such a fundamental part of th e lives of youth thatRead MoreThe Benefits Of Music Therapy Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesBenefits of Music Therapy Music therapy, a clinical use of music interventions to accomplish therapeutic goals, involves a broad range of activities including playing an instrument, singing, or listening to music. Similar to occupational and physical therapy, this expressive arts therapy remedies psychological conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or hypertension to maintain the well-being of an individual. Likewise, music has been a therapeutic tool that has shown positive effects to parts ofRead MoreNegative Effects Of Dancehall Music1224 Words   |  5 PagesMusic is defined by the Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia as a figurative and literal form of language or speech with less specificity than spoken words but possessing subtler shades of meaning and more emotive forces. It creates harmony between individuals and it can also tear them down. It is readily available throughout different medias and its intrinsic to all cultures. In Jamaica, the popular genre of music are Reggae and Dancehall. Reggae is a genre of music that has its roots in many other musicalRead MoreEssay about The mozart effect1002 Words   |  5 Pages The Mozart Effect Does classical music really help you study better? Many recent research studies show that music idoes in fact improve cognitive thinking. In 1993, researchers at the University of California at Irvine discovered the so-called Mozart Effect - that college students â€Å"who listened to ten minutes of Mozarts Sonata for Two Pianos in D major K448 before taking an IQ test scored nine points higher† than when they had sat in silence or listened to relaxation tapes. Other studies haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Music Programs On Students1246 Words   |  5 Pagesof reading music, and playing an instrument has proven to be beneficial to the learning curb in students including those of little to no background in a literary education to students in college. However, there are schools in America where music isn’t offered. Having a music program could create improved grades, memory, concentration, and quicken the learning process of literacy, but it is believed that music isn†™t for everybody. Many parents and administrators believe that music is just a waste

Proposed Marketing and PR Plan for Converse Sports Free Essays

1.0 Overview of the Plan This marketing plan presents a strong case for CSI to be involved in strategic PR and marketing as well other value added activities to effectively communicate its mission, deepen its brand, and enhance its value and competitive advantage. Increasing competition and opportunity in the global sporting arena indeed makes it imperative to expand a brand’s horizons and differentiate itself from the competition. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposed Marketing and PR Plan for Converse Sports or any similar topic only for you Order Now This proposal is developed on this consideration and is aimed at supporting CSI’s objective to be a globally recognisable sports company. In line with the company’s primary objectives, acquisition of an existing communications agency is proposed to manage CSI’s marketing and events as well as those of its acquired firms. The agency would not only be responsible for creating better PR and brand awareness for CSI in general, but will also offer its own unique services to a wide range of customers. Akin to some of CSI’s existing competitors, value added services such as athlete management, performance coaching, media and sports management including translation services are proposed as part of the agency’s portfolio. The subsequent sections of the proposal present a breakdown of the proposed marketing and PR plan and clarifies its missions and objectives. 1.1 Mission †¢ To be a leading brand in global sports marketing, media and sporting entertainment by acquiring stakes in existing sports and media companies with unique intellectual property and distinctive entertainment cum sports quality. 1.2 Goals †¢ To be a globally recognisable brand in the world of sports †¢ To contribute significantly to the transformation of mass market sports into entertainment driven formats that appeal to the mass market. †¢ To increase stakes in sports marketing and digital media business. 1.3 Objectives †¢ To manage the commercial development of sports teams †¢ To develop new sports models from existing models †¢ Acquire strategic stakes in established sports, media and entertainment firms 2.0 Industry Overview In the last couple of years, some of the most defining features of contemporary sport is the way in which globalisation has informed businesses related to sports, the organisation of sporting competitions as well as the multidirectional flow of athletes across local, national and international borders. Research shows that the global sporting industry is worth over ?400 billion each year and the UK sport market was estimated to be worth ?19.5 billion in 2006, in 2011 it has been forecast that the value will increase to ?24 billion (Sport England, 2011). This turnover is shared amongst leagues, clubs, athletes and sports management firms. Research also shows that the global sports industry is on a faster growth pace than the GDP’ s (gross domestic product) of most national economies around the world and â€Å" the global sports value chain, its size, and revenues—has significant growth prospects for the future now more than ever. Of interest in the development of the ind ustry as well as its future prospect is the commanding role of sports management firms like CSI. According to a recent research published by Atkearny (a management consulting firm) â€Å"it is sports management firms who define the structure of professional sports around the world, they set the rules, organize the events and take responsibility for generating revenues from matches, media and marketing rights†. The nature of the industry, globalisation as well as the increasing opportunity in global sports holds another window of growth for sporting management firms in the future. 3.0 Product/Service Description The acquired communication agency as proposed would be primarily concerned with strategic marketing and PR management of CSI by promoting and maintaining its image and relationship with the public. It would also be responsible for designing and applying appropriate marketing strategies and techniques towards accomplishing CSI’s general objectives. In addition, the agency would be responsible for managing the image of sports team, individuals and businesses under the management of CSI. As part of marketing and PR, the agency would also manage CSI events and engage in a host of other related activities such as athlete management, global translation services, performance management, etc. Building on the company’s resource, the agency could also act as the marketing platform for existing companies under CSI. 3.1 Marketing Objectives †¢ Establish a clear plan of marketing actions and objectives towards accomplishing overall company goals †¢ Define the company’s goals, mission and objectives †¢ Develop market communications systems †¢ Understand the sports marketing industry †¢ Create an effective PR management strategy 3.2 Target Market The main targets of CSI services would be sports companies with mostly unique entertainment structures and new sports companies with innovative themes that can be transformed into the mass and commercial market. While CSI mainly operate from the UK, emerging Europe and other Emerging markets with promising future and prospects in sports and media such as Russia, Brazil, Asia and Africa will be targeted. Such companies will be SME’s and must have valuable intellectual property’ capable of commercialization. 3.3 Unique Selling Proposition Customers will choose CSI because it is managed by a team of seasoned and experienced managers and directors who have managed some of the best teams, clubs and companies around the world. 3.4 Positioning CSI would position itself as a sports and media company with significant interest in sports entertainment mix. Therefore, its positioning statement as it has always been would remain: †¢ Sports and media entertainment†¦ 3.5 Marketing Strategy The strategy considered most appropriate towards achieving valuable business outcome as well as attainment of the company’s goals and objectives is to acquire a modern and innovative communications agency. Such agency will be responsible for giving direction to CSI’s future in terms of marketing and events management while acting as a source of income for the company. Further explanation of this strategy is explained in the marketing 4P’s. The 4P’s are regarded as basic elements of the marketing plan for any business and they consist of the following: Product The main product offered by CSI is sports marketing through management of sports teams and associations. The company also buys stakes in innovative sports firms for management and further development into acceptable mass models. Under the present proposal, the company would offer additional products/services like athlete management, performance coaching, and management of media development as well as translation services mainly for Russian companies who wants to break into other European markets and abroad. Price Potential firms to be acquired will be offered the most reasonable prices as possible as long as it within limits which would be recovered within years deemed reasonable by management. Promotion Promotion is deemed to have four distinct elements such as advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. The two that will be deployed by CSI are advertising and public relations. Public Relations management would be conducted through press releases, road shows, seminars and conferences to build the image of the company. The company will also from time to time publish results of surveys and research conducted in-house as reports in newspapers, industry magazines and on web pages. Advertising would be done by reaching out to existing sports companies through various means like industry magazines, websites, bill boards and other B2B methods available. Place All services rendered by CSI would be offered through its offices both in London, Russia and other future locations. 3.6: Six Month Action Plan A sense of urgency is needed to achieve the outlined objectives; as such the following are important to be achieved within the next six months. †¢ Management must define a set of criteria of the specific features, nature and type of communications agency that will be required for acquisition. †¢ Identify possible lists of suitable communications agency to be acquired, once the right agencies have been identified using a predefined selection criteria, they should be critically assessed to determine their suitability to the company’s objectives, this would lead to shortening of the list. †¢ Inform important stakeholders, managers and directors in the organisation of the proposed acquisition plan to garner side support and ensure effective participation during and after the process. †¢ Set a budget plan containing how much will be spent on every aspect of the acquisition stage. †¢ Prepare and draw a tentative re-organisation plan for the company to allow for the newly acquired firm †¢ Prepare a detailed report to inform management of possible stages involved in the process and what the time lengths would likely to be. †¢ A proper risk assessment should be conducted when the final company have identified before final acquisition to have reasonable forethought about the nature and extent of risk in the proposed acquisition A transition arrangement should be planned to manage the acquisition process and the staff of the acquired agency to ensure cultural fusion and conflict management. Conclusions The brief analysis of sports marketing and the global sports industry presented earlier in this document has shown that global sports and media are a growth industry with tremendous future ahead. To avail such opportunity, marketing and publicity will no doubt play a major role. It is on this consideration that the marketing and PR plan of CSI was well thought out and articulated in this document which lays out the strategies and techniques for implementing an effective marketing. Given the quality amount of time and research committed to putting this document together, taking it to the implementation stage will surely contribute to the accomplishment of the company’s overarching goals and objectives. References: Sports England (2011). Economic Value of Sport, Sport Industry Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Atkearny, the Sports Market Major trends and challenges in an industry full of passion, http://www.atkearney.com/index.php/Publications/the-sports-market.html How to cite Proposed Marketing and PR Plan for Converse Sports, Essay examples

Commonwealth Acceptance

Question: Discuss about the Commonwealth Acceptance. Answer: Introduction It is apt to commence with the prominent position that for a contract to be valid there are essential elements that include offer, acceptance, consideration and an intention to be legally bound, that must be present. The doctrine of consideration has existed since antiquity. It is a phenomenon largely attributable to the premise that for an offer to be legally binding in contact law there must be something (action) in return, quid pro quo. The underlying basic rule is that a promise will not be enforceable unless a consideration is provided. Consideration has since transcended the traditional approach of the motive vie to the reliance on bargain where consideration is in the eyes of the law regarded as a profit, Interest of benefit accruing to one party or some detriment or loss suffered by the other. (Australian Woollen Mills v The Commonwealth, 1954) It should be borne in mind that a statement of an offer must be clear and unequivocal and should not be a mere statement of invitation to negotiation. It is an expression of willingness together with the expectation that it will be binding upon acceptance. (Tretel 1999, p.8) Jane, because of her journey overseas has offered to give Jack her car. The offer in this instance is ambiguous as it does not express an intention to be legally bound. In Bell v Lever Bros [1932] held that there must be an intention to contract for a contract to be enforceable. Consideration is a fundamental prerequisite for a contract to be legally binding. In Rann v Hughes (1778) the court held that consideration is an essential element in a contact and it must be present. It then proceeded to declare the contract in the case void for lack of consideration. It is therefor submitted that there can be no enforceable contract between Jane and Jack because there is no consideration. It is worth noting also that there has been no communication of the consideration which in law should be communicated by the promisor to the promise. It is therefore safe to conclude that there is no consideration between Jane and Jack and that a legally enforceable contract cannot see the light of day. Jane has made an offer which is clear and certain to jack concerning the sale of her car at $25000 and Jack has consequently accepted. This is a classical example of the essential elements of a contract being fulfilled. In truth, the offer was properly communicated to the promisee and in effect a response in form of acceptance to the offer was made by the promise thereby satisfying the rule established in In R v Clarke (1927) . Consideration has been communicated in this instance and Jack has not made any counter offer. It has been settled in Evans Deakin Industries v Queensland Electricity Generating Board (1984) , that if during the acceptance the promisee varies the offer then it shall be construed to be a counter offer. Following the decision in White v Bluett (1853) that consideration must be determinate, consideration between Jack and Jane is wholly determinate. The consideration is of economic and material value and sufficient as it is in pare material with the actual and true market value. ( Hamer v. Sidway, 1891). The contract here is thus legally enforceable. It is imperative to note that the essential ingredients of a contract in this case have been satisfied. A proper offer with a request for a consideration was made that was followed by an acceptance by the promisee. What is intriguing though is the value of the consideration which significantly does not match the market value of the car. It is off course not enmesh in controversy that consideration does not need to be of proportionate value to the nature of the promise. (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2009) This position presents a questionable proposition in regards to the case at hand. Objectively, consideration must be sufficient and not necessarily adequate and a nominal consideration may be supplied for a valuable consideration. (Chappell v. Nestl, 1960). If I may invite your attention to Thomas v Thomas (1842) , the court interestingly noted that the promise to pay 1 euro as annual rent was sufficient consideration to transfer a life estate to the claimant. The rationale for a sufficient but not necessarily adequate consideration is explicated by the fact that courts want parties to exercise economic freedom. This wisdom supplied here is entirely true but it does not serve justice to the promisor since the consideration is fundamentally lower. It is hence submitted that with regards to the facts of the case consideration was not sufficient and therefore the promisor could sue for the true value of the car on the grounds of mistake. It is important to underscore the fact that the statute of limitation gives a contract law suit a time limitation of six years to bring a case before court.( Limitation Act 2005 ) it therefore submitted that the buyer is not time barred hence the equity maxim, delay defeats equity will not apply. There was a valid contract between the ship builders and North ocean tankers and the shipbuilders were therefore obligated to complete the construction of the ship by the terms of the existing contact. The fundamental question embedded here is the effect of the supervening circumstances of the price fluctuations that have since made it impossible for the builders to complete the construction. The litmus test at common law is whether the circumstance was unforeseen and the practicability of performance of the contract. ( Himpurna California Energy Lt v PT Perusahaan Listruik Negara 1999) It is posited that currency fluctuations even though severe are foreseen circumstances. (Frederick 2006) A thing regarded as impossible in legal contemplation when it is not practicable implying that it can only be undertaken under excessive and unreasonable cost. (Mineral Park Land Company v PA Howard, 1916) The case of North ocean tankers is one that the builders claimed a commercial impracticability and if this is a circumstance that ought to be foreseen it has been held that the party that is most affected impliedly accepts the risk. (Eastern Air Lines v McDonnell Douglas Corp, 1976) It therefore follows from this position that Ship builder were entitled to accept the risk due to the currency fluctuations. If however, the foreseen event was included in the contract then the clause would be binding and the court will base its holding on the allocation of risk. (Publiker Industries Inc v Union Carbide Corp, 1975) It has been observed that to invoke commercial impracticability the supervening event must have an extreme and unreasonable effect and must fundamentally change the circumstance in which the contract would have been performed. Accordingly, it can be argued that the currency fluctuation had a significant effect on the performance of the contract since it would be more expensive for the builders to complete the performance. This position is in consonance with the Italian position (Articles 1366 Italian Civil code 1942) that a situation of excessive onerosity may force the parties to adapt to the changes and proceed with performance. Such cases may include cases where there has already been a substantial performance of the contract as in this case and it would be unjust to terminate the contract at this level since it may be injurious to both parties. A more considerable approach could also be borrowed from the German approach which applies the theory of disappearance of the basis of transaction. The theory asserts that under the changes it would amount to bad faith if the original terms are applied to enforce the contract with prevailing supervening events. This is because when there is a fundamental change to the circumstances then it affects the root of the contract. Essentially if performance of a contract has been significantly undertaken in such a manner that if the contract is terminated at that level, there will be an adverse effect on both parties and therefore equity and fairness demands that the terms of the contract should be moulded to adapt to the new change of circumstance. It is therefore a plausible conclusion that the law is the art of goodness and fairness and hence North ocean tankers cannot bring a successful claim to recover excess payments made. References Australian Woollen Mills v The Commonwealth (1954) 92 CLR 424 High Court of Australia Bell v Lever Bros Ltd [1932] AC 161 Chappell v. Nestl [1960] AC 87 Eastern Air Lines v McDonnell Douglas Corp, (5th Cir.1976) 532 F.2d 957 Evans Deakin Industries v Queensland Electricity Generating Board (1984) FC 056 (83/2876) Frederick R. ( 2006). Hardship and Changed Circumstances as Grounds for Adjustment or Non-Performance of Contracts; Practical Considerations in International Infrastructure Investment and Finance Hamer v. Sidway 124 N.Y. 538, 27 N.E. 256 (N.Y. 1891) Himpurna California Energy Lt v PT Perusahaan Listruik Negara UNCITRAL Ad Hoc-Award of 4 May 1999. Excerpt. 6 Italian Civil code 1942 Limitation Act 2005 Mineral Park Land Company v PA Howard, 1916 156 P.458 Paterson J. , Robertson .A Duke A. , (2009). Principles of Contract 3rd ed Publiker Industries Inc v Union Carbide Corp, (Dist Ct ED Pa 1975) 17 UCC Rep 989 Rann v Hughes (1778), 7 T.R. 350 n R v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 227 Thomas v Thomas(1842) 2 Q.B. 851, 114 E.R. 330 Tretel G.( 1999) .The Law of Contract, 10th edn, p.8]. White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36; 24

The Selection of a Target Market Impacts on the Marketing Strategies Essay Example Essay Example

The Selection of a Target Market Impacts on the Marketing Strategies Essay Example Paper The Selection of a Target Market Impacts on the Marketing Strategies Essay Introduction Marketing is a system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute ‘want satisfying’ products to customers in the market in order to achieve business objectives. However, the total market is very large and it would be impossible to develop some strategies that would meet customer’s needs and wants of everyone better. Because of this, businesses break the market down into segments which are so important for businesses to aim at their specific target market. The best relevant business case study to illustrate the selection of market is ‘Sprite’ produced by Coca Cola. The target market needs to be identified. The target market is the current/ potential customers with similar characteristics. For ‘Sprite’, a new target market was selected to take advantage of the fact that young males drink the most soft drink. In this market, Sprite competes with other products such as Solo, Fanta based on its market segmentation in four key areas: Demographic, Geographic, Psychographic and Behavioural.?Demographic segmentation: It is the division of the market into groups based on demographic variables such as age, gender, family size, income, education. The market segmentation of Sprite in primary market demographic focuses on the male or teenager whose ages are between 12 and 17. It is based on their ages, income and gender. At the age of 12 to 17, they identify some products with characteristics of ‘Cool Refreshment’. And they cannot afford to some expensive products. The secondary market segmentation is to concentrate on all lemonade drinkers aged 8 to 29. According to family size, some of Mums and Dads buy soft drink for their families. So Sprite segments its target market to aim at those groups to purchase their products with low prices, and gain more profits. Geographic segmentation: the market is divided by location because it is assumed that the people who live in the same area will prob ably have similar needs and wants. These can be in the form of countries, states, cities and local neighbourhoods. While, Sprite was produced by any places like Urban. People lived in urban or cities are likely to spend some money on fashionable and popular products. And their standards of consumption are higher than other people who live in countryside.?Psychographic segmentation: it occurs when the market is divided into different groups ased on social class, lifestyles and personality characteristics. Nowadays, young males who have their own identity and make their own choice. They have their own lifestyles and motives to be a cool and trendy people. They are not fooled by traditional promotional ploys. They are attracted by creative and unique things. Based on this current situation, Sprite produces ‘cool soft drink’ to meet these male’s need and wants because its target market are the customers who are being honest and being interested in something fresh wit h particular personalities. Behavioural segmentation: this is the segmentation strategy when the market is divided into groups based on consumer knowledge, attitude towards use for and responses to a product. It involves purchase occasion, benefits sought and usage rate. In the context of Spite, building loyalty and repeat custom through relationships management is the way to take advantage of behavioural characteristics. It provides products with low price in many places and it has large customer base. Then buyers can be grouped according to the occasion on which they buy a particular product or service. The Selection of a Target Market Impacts on the Marketing Strategies Essay Body Paragraphs After identifying the methods used to segment target markets, it is very important and essential for business to develop marketing strategies in order to satisfy the needs of the target market to achieve marketing objectives effectively. Otherwise, in the same way, Sprite also focuses on marketing strategies which include marketing mix of four P’s: product, price, promotion and place.?Product: Product is a good or service that can be bought or sold in the marketplace that fulfils customer’s need. This strategy refers to 3 particular features: position, branding and packaging. But product itself was not changed as it has already been established by its market to have a great taste. However, Sprite can be available to change in range of sizes from 300ml bottles, 370ml cans to 2 litre bottles. 1. Positing: it is the strategy of placing the business in the market and creating an impression in customer’s mind. Creating a position that will give their products the grea test advantage in their target market. Sprite’ would probably be places below solo, coke, but above Fanta or other stores because of the ‘cool refreshment’ with low price. 2. Branding: is a product feature that adds values to business. And it is the tool to distinguish one company from others. A lot of customers may only buy product because the brand is well know such as Coca-Cola or Sola. During these years. ‘Sprite’ is establishing its own branding to make customers feel a sense of security and predictability. 3. Packaging: is the design of containers which Sprite used. It can protect products and provide information. The packaging of Sprite was changed in order to disassociate the drink with lemonade by designing a new label that reflected Sprite’s new ‘cool’ identity. It involves changing the colours from white to green and blue. It becomes more attractive and fresh. The circle of yellow and green means carbonation was removed and the only symbol associated with lemonade was a small yellow dot above the letter ‘i’of Sprite. That will make their target market (young children) interested in their fresh products?Price: Price is the amount of money for which anything is bought, sold or offered for sale. It is a major factor in influencing a customer’s decision to buy because it looks at the value the product and plays a crucial part in the marketing mix because if customers did not accept the price of the product, all other efforts relating to the good would be wasted. This strategy that Sprite used includes some methods: cost price, competition base pricing, market pricing and market penetration pricing. For example?Cost pricing: It is based on determining the cost of marketing a product and adding a mark-up to that cost to give the business a profit. For Sprite business, a can will sell for about $1. 0, with a production cost of 37 cents. Then they can gain 63cents per each. About five cents represents marketing which by industry standards is quite high.?Competition based pricing: it occurs when a business sets it prices with reference to a similar product from competing businesses. Sprite products are price competitive with other soft drinks. The price is the cheapest in the supermarkets. A can retails for $1. 40 or $1. 00 at a beach kiosk. Applying high prices in a very competitive supermarket will lead to lose sales that wouldn’t be sustainable. Market pricing: it is the price of a product is set in relation to what a business thinks the markets (consumers) are willing to pay for a product. And on the other hand, the target markets of Sprite are young males and teenagers. They have not got a large amount of money to buy something expensive. Most of them get money from their parents. Due to the low price, young adults can afford its lemonade soft drinks. They are willing to pay the money for Sprite.?Market penetration pricing: Sprite is being set a low in itial price on a product in an attempt to reach a mass market immediately. So it can help Sprite to gain a large number of sales. It also intends to discourage other business competitors. And on average, Coles will pay a lot less for 2 litre bottles of Sprite than a service station. Then a lot of outlets will pay money for Sprite as products based on saving costs. It allows Sprite to become established in the softdrink market.? Promotion: Promotion is an activity of informing and persuading their customers to buy their products. It involves personal selling, advertising, below the line, publicity and word of mouth. However, with the promotion of Sprite, a new advertising campaign was launched to completely beak away from the product’s old image of being ‘friendly and fun’. Due to this reason, they have advertisements on TV and in the newspapers with new slogan ‘Image is nothing Thirst is everything, Obey your thirst. This gave the products honesty and credi bility which translated into sales. They are also having sale in the market and giving discounts to customers. On the other hand, its target markets are mostly young teenagers who like playing basketball and trend to fresh and confidence. That’s why Sprite has an advertisement on TV on Saturday morning to show â€Å"The Dream Team’ is drinking Sprite.?Place: Place is concerned about getting the product in the right place at the right time. It is channel structure that transfer products to the market. It involves channels, distribution, and transport and inventory control. Different sales outlets or channels stock different Sprite products. ‘Sprite’ has a large range of places to be located. It is intensive market segmentation because people can buy the products anywhere. ‘Sprite’ set up its outlets in these places showed below: 1. Supermarkets (such as Woolworths, Coles, K-mart). There are a lot of people and families coming to these shops to buy some drinks and food what they want. 2. Petrol station. This is a good location when cars are having more petrol, drivers may feel thirsty. 3. Cinema. Cinema is a very popular place for young adults or teenagers. They organise to the cinema to watch movie together. They should buy some chips and soft drinks. Then ‘sprite’ might be their first choice due to low prices. So it will help ‘sprite’ expand their target markets and increase the profit. 4. Sports ground. For young males, they like to go to studio to do some exercises. During the exercise, they need some water or soft drinks to drink. So the meaning of ‘cool’. Sprite will attract their attention and persuade them to buy it. They will enjoy playing basketball and drinking ‘cool and fresh’ bottles. And a business has a choice regarding the number of intermediaries to use. Sprite has indirect channels that are distribution channel in which a producer uses intermediaries to serve the market because the products produced by Sprite are sold by retailers. Otherwise, they use vans to transport their products to each shop. Then Sprite also needs to have inventory control which is the management of stock levels. It is critical that it is controlled effectively. It makes Sprite to ensure products are available for sale when needed holding too much stock. In conclusion, it is so clear to see that the selecting a target market is very essential and necessary for each business. It will impact on their marketing strategy and help business to focus on their market segmentations to make more profits and manage its market effectively. 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What to Place in the Definition Box For Essay Contest With the Fountain

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