Commonwealth Acceptance

Question: Discuss about the Commonwealth Acceptance. Answer: Introduction It is apt to commence with the prominent position that for a contract to be valid there are essential elements that include offer, acceptance, consideration and an intention to be legally bound, that must be present. The doctrine of consideration has existed since antiquity. It is a phenomenon largely attributable to the premise that for an offer to be legally binding in contact law there must be something (action) in return, quid pro quo. The underlying basic rule is that a promise will not be enforceable unless a consideration is provided. Consideration has since transcended the traditional approach of the motive vie to the reliance on bargain where consideration is in the eyes of the law regarded as a profit, Interest of benefit accruing to one party or some detriment or loss suffered by the other. (Australian Woollen Mills v The Commonwealth, 1954) It should be borne in mind that a statement of an offer must be clear and unequivocal and should not be a mere statement of invitation to negotiation. It is an expression of willingness together with the expectation that it will be binding upon acceptance. (Tretel 1999, p.8) Jane, because of her journey overseas has offered to give Jack her car. The offer in this instance is ambiguous as it does not express an intention to be legally bound. In Bell v Lever Bros [1932] held that there must be an intention to contract for a contract to be enforceable. Consideration is a fundamental prerequisite for a contract to be legally binding. In Rann v Hughes (1778) the court held that consideration is an essential element in a contact and it must be present. It then proceeded to declare the contract in the case void for lack of consideration. It is therefor submitted that there can be no enforceable contract between Jane and Jack because there is no consideration. It is worth noting also that there has been no communication of the consideration which in law should be communicated by the promisor to the promise. It is therefore safe to conclude that there is no consideration between Jane and Jack and that a legally enforceable contract cannot see the light of day. Jane has made an offer which is clear and certain to jack concerning the sale of her car at $25000 and Jack has consequently accepted. This is a classical example of the essential elements of a contract being fulfilled. In truth, the offer was properly communicated to the promisee and in effect a response in form of acceptance to the offer was made by the promise thereby satisfying the rule established in In R v Clarke (1927) . Consideration has been communicated in this instance and Jack has not made any counter offer. It has been settled in Evans Deakin Industries v Queensland Electricity Generating Board (1984) , that if during the acceptance the promisee varies the offer then it shall be construed to be a counter offer. Following the decision in White v Bluett (1853) that consideration must be determinate, consideration between Jack and Jane is wholly determinate. The consideration is of economic and material value and sufficient as it is in pare material with the actual and true market value. ( Hamer v. Sidway, 1891). The contract here is thus legally enforceable. It is imperative to note that the essential ingredients of a contract in this case have been satisfied. A proper offer with a request for a consideration was made that was followed by an acceptance by the promisee. What is intriguing though is the value of the consideration which significantly does not match the market value of the car. It is off course not enmesh in controversy that consideration does not need to be of proportionate value to the nature of the promise. (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2009) This position presents a questionable proposition in regards to the case at hand. Objectively, consideration must be sufficient and not necessarily adequate and a nominal consideration may be supplied for a valuable consideration. (Chappell v. Nestl, 1960). If I may invite your attention to Thomas v Thomas (1842) , the court interestingly noted that the promise to pay 1 euro as annual rent was sufficient consideration to transfer a life estate to the claimant. The rationale for a sufficient but not necessarily adequate consideration is explicated by the fact that courts want parties to exercise economic freedom. This wisdom supplied here is entirely true but it does not serve justice to the promisor since the consideration is fundamentally lower. It is hence submitted that with regards to the facts of the case consideration was not sufficient and therefore the promisor could sue for the true value of the car on the grounds of mistake. It is important to underscore the fact that the statute of limitation gives a contract law suit a time limitation of six years to bring a case before court.( Limitation Act 2005 ) it therefore submitted that the buyer is not time barred hence the equity maxim, delay defeats equity will not apply. There was a valid contract between the ship builders and North ocean tankers and the shipbuilders were therefore obligated to complete the construction of the ship by the terms of the existing contact. The fundamental question embedded here is the effect of the supervening circumstances of the price fluctuations that have since made it impossible for the builders to complete the construction. The litmus test at common law is whether the circumstance was unforeseen and the practicability of performance of the contract. ( Himpurna California Energy Lt v PT Perusahaan Listruik Negara 1999) It is posited that currency fluctuations even though severe are foreseen circumstances. (Frederick 2006) A thing regarded as impossible in legal contemplation when it is not practicable implying that it can only be undertaken under excessive and unreasonable cost. (Mineral Park Land Company v PA Howard, 1916) The case of North ocean tankers is one that the builders claimed a commercial impracticability and if this is a circumstance that ought to be foreseen it has been held that the party that is most affected impliedly accepts the risk. (Eastern Air Lines v McDonnell Douglas Corp, 1976) It therefore follows from this position that Ship builder were entitled to accept the risk due to the currency fluctuations. If however, the foreseen event was included in the contract then the clause would be binding and the court will base its holding on the allocation of risk. (Publiker Industries Inc v Union Carbide Corp, 1975) It has been observed that to invoke commercial impracticability the supervening event must have an extreme and unreasonable effect and must fundamentally change the circumstance in which the contract would have been performed. Accordingly, it can be argued that the currency fluctuation had a significant effect on the performance of the contract since it would be more expensive for the builders to complete the performance. This position is in consonance with the Italian position (Articles 1366 Italian Civil code 1942) that a situation of excessive onerosity may force the parties to adapt to the changes and proceed with performance. Such cases may include cases where there has already been a substantial performance of the contract as in this case and it would be unjust to terminate the contract at this level since it may be injurious to both parties. A more considerable approach could also be borrowed from the German approach which applies the theory of disappearance of the basis of transaction. The theory asserts that under the changes it would amount to bad faith if the original terms are applied to enforce the contract with prevailing supervening events. This is because when there is a fundamental change to the circumstances then it affects the root of the contract. Essentially if performance of a contract has been significantly undertaken in such a manner that if the contract is terminated at that level, there will be an adverse effect on both parties and therefore equity and fairness demands that the terms of the contract should be moulded to adapt to the new change of circumstance. It is therefore a plausible conclusion that the law is the art of goodness and fairness and hence North ocean tankers cannot bring a successful claim to recover excess payments made. References Australian Woollen Mills v The Commonwealth (1954) 92 CLR 424 High Court of Australia Bell v Lever Bros Ltd [1932] AC 161 Chappell v. Nestl [1960] AC 87 Eastern Air Lines v McDonnell Douglas Corp, (5th Cir.1976) 532 F.2d 957 Evans Deakin Industries v Queensland Electricity Generating Board (1984) FC 056 (83/2876) Frederick R. ( 2006). Hardship and Changed Circumstances as Grounds for Adjustment or Non-Performance of Contracts; Practical Considerations in International Infrastructure Investment and Finance Hamer v. Sidway 124 N.Y. 538, 27 N.E. 256 (N.Y. 1891) Himpurna California Energy Lt v PT Perusahaan Listruik Negara UNCITRAL Ad Hoc-Award of 4 May 1999. Excerpt. 6 Italian Civil code 1942 Limitation Act 2005 Mineral Park Land Company v PA Howard, 1916 156 P.458 Paterson J. , Robertson .A Duke A. , (2009). Principles of Contract 3rd ed Publiker Industries Inc v Union Carbide Corp, (Dist Ct ED Pa 1975) 17 UCC Rep 989 Rann v Hughes (1778), 7 T.R. 350 n R v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 227 Thomas v Thomas(1842) 2 Q.B. 851, 114 E.R. 330 Tretel G.( 1999) .The Law of Contract, 10th edn, p.8]. White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36; 24

The Selection of a Target Market Impacts on the Marketing Strategies Essay Example Essay Example

The Selection of a Target Market Impacts on the Marketing Strategies Essay Example Paper The Selection of a Target Market Impacts on the Marketing Strategies Essay Introduction Marketing is a system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute ‘want satisfying’ products to customers in the market in order to achieve business objectives. However, the total market is very large and it would be impossible to develop some strategies that would meet customer’s needs and wants of everyone better. Because of this, businesses break the market down into segments which are so important for businesses to aim at their specific target market. The best relevant business case study to illustrate the selection of market is ‘Sprite’ produced by Coca Cola. The target market needs to be identified. The target market is the current/ potential customers with similar characteristics. For ‘Sprite’, a new target market was selected to take advantage of the fact that young males drink the most soft drink. In this market, Sprite competes with other products such as Solo, Fanta based on its market segmentation in four key areas: Demographic, Geographic, Psychographic and Behavioural.?Demographic segmentation: It is the division of the market into groups based on demographic variables such as age, gender, family size, income, education. The market segmentation of Sprite in primary market demographic focuses on the male or teenager whose ages are between 12 and 17. It is based on their ages, income and gender. At the age of 12 to 17, they identify some products with characteristics of ‘Cool Refreshment’. And they cannot afford to some expensive products. The secondary market segmentation is to concentrate on all lemonade drinkers aged 8 to 29. According to family size, some of Mums and Dads buy soft drink for their families. So Sprite segments its target market to aim at those groups to purchase their products with low prices, and gain more profits. Geographic segmentation: the market is divided by location because it is assumed that the people who live in the same area will prob ably have similar needs and wants. These can be in the form of countries, states, cities and local neighbourhoods. While, Sprite was produced by any places like Urban. People lived in urban or cities are likely to spend some money on fashionable and popular products. And their standards of consumption are higher than other people who live in countryside.?Psychographic segmentation: it occurs when the market is divided into different groups ased on social class, lifestyles and personality characteristics. Nowadays, young males who have their own identity and make their own choice. They have their own lifestyles and motives to be a cool and trendy people. They are not fooled by traditional promotional ploys. They are attracted by creative and unique things. Based on this current situation, Sprite produces ‘cool soft drink’ to meet these male’s need and wants because its target market are the customers who are being honest and being interested in something fresh wit h particular personalities. Behavioural segmentation: this is the segmentation strategy when the market is divided into groups based on consumer knowledge, attitude towards use for and responses to a product. It involves purchase occasion, benefits sought and usage rate. In the context of Spite, building loyalty and repeat custom through relationships management is the way to take advantage of behavioural characteristics. It provides products with low price in many places and it has large customer base. Then buyers can be grouped according to the occasion on which they buy a particular product or service. The Selection of a Target Market Impacts on the Marketing Strategies Essay Body Paragraphs After identifying the methods used to segment target markets, it is very important and essential for business to develop marketing strategies in order to satisfy the needs of the target market to achieve marketing objectives effectively. Otherwise, in the same way, Sprite also focuses on marketing strategies which include marketing mix of four P’s: product, price, promotion and place.?Product: Product is a good or service that can be bought or sold in the marketplace that fulfils customer’s need. This strategy refers to 3 particular features: position, branding and packaging. But product itself was not changed as it has already been established by its market to have a great taste. However, Sprite can be available to change in range of sizes from 300ml bottles, 370ml cans to 2 litre bottles. 1. Positing: it is the strategy of placing the business in the market and creating an impression in customer’s mind. Creating a position that will give their products the grea test advantage in their target market. Sprite’ would probably be places below solo, coke, but above Fanta or other stores because of the ‘cool refreshment’ with low price. 2. Branding: is a product feature that adds values to business. And it is the tool to distinguish one company from others. A lot of customers may only buy product because the brand is well know such as Coca-Cola or Sola. During these years. ‘Sprite’ is establishing its own branding to make customers feel a sense of security and predictability. 3. Packaging: is the design of containers which Sprite used. It can protect products and provide information. The packaging of Sprite was changed in order to disassociate the drink with lemonade by designing a new label that reflected Sprite’s new ‘cool’ identity. It involves changing the colours from white to green and blue. It becomes more attractive and fresh. The circle of yellow and green means carbonation was removed and the only symbol associated with lemonade was a small yellow dot above the letter ‘i’of Sprite. That will make their target market (young children) interested in their fresh products?Price: Price is the amount of money for which anything is bought, sold or offered for sale. It is a major factor in influencing a customer’s decision to buy because it looks at the value the product and plays a crucial part in the marketing mix because if customers did not accept the price of the product, all other efforts relating to the good would be wasted. This strategy that Sprite used includes some methods: cost price, competition base pricing, market pricing and market penetration pricing. For example?Cost pricing: It is based on determining the cost of marketing a product and adding a mark-up to that cost to give the business a profit. For Sprite business, a can will sell for about $1. 0, with a production cost of 37 cents. Then they can gain 63cents per each. About five cents represents marketing which by industry standards is quite high.?Competition based pricing: it occurs when a business sets it prices with reference to a similar product from competing businesses. Sprite products are price competitive with other soft drinks. The price is the cheapest in the supermarkets. A can retails for $1. 40 or $1. 00 at a beach kiosk. Applying high prices in a very competitive supermarket will lead to lose sales that wouldn’t be sustainable. Market pricing: it is the price of a product is set in relation to what a business thinks the markets (consumers) are willing to pay for a product. And on the other hand, the target markets of Sprite are young males and teenagers. They have not got a large amount of money to buy something expensive. Most of them get money from their parents. Due to the low price, young adults can afford its lemonade soft drinks. They are willing to pay the money for Sprite.?Market penetration pricing: Sprite is being set a low in itial price on a product in an attempt to reach a mass market immediately. So it can help Sprite to gain a large number of sales. It also intends to discourage other business competitors. And on average, Coles will pay a lot less for 2 litre bottles of Sprite than a service station. Then a lot of outlets will pay money for Sprite as products based on saving costs. It allows Sprite to become established in the softdrink market.? Promotion: Promotion is an activity of informing and persuading their customers to buy their products. It involves personal selling, advertising, below the line, publicity and word of mouth. However, with the promotion of Sprite, a new advertising campaign was launched to completely beak away from the product’s old image of being ‘friendly and fun’. Due to this reason, they have advertisements on TV and in the newspapers with new slogan ‘Image is nothing Thirst is everything, Obey your thirst. This gave the products honesty and credi bility which translated into sales. They are also having sale in the market and giving discounts to customers. On the other hand, its target markets are mostly young teenagers who like playing basketball and trend to fresh and confidence. That’s why Sprite has an advertisement on TV on Saturday morning to show â€Å"The Dream Team’ is drinking Sprite.?Place: Place is concerned about getting the product in the right place at the right time. It is channel structure that transfer products to the market. It involves channels, distribution, and transport and inventory control. Different sales outlets or channels stock different Sprite products. ‘Sprite’ has a large range of places to be located. It is intensive market segmentation because people can buy the products anywhere. ‘Sprite’ set up its outlets in these places showed below: 1. Supermarkets (such as Woolworths, Coles, K-mart). There are a lot of people and families coming to these shops to buy some drinks and food what they want. 2. Petrol station. This is a good location when cars are having more petrol, drivers may feel thirsty. 3. Cinema. Cinema is a very popular place for young adults or teenagers. They organise to the cinema to watch movie together. They should buy some chips and soft drinks. Then ‘sprite’ might be their first choice due to low prices. So it will help ‘sprite’ expand their target markets and increase the profit. 4. Sports ground. For young males, they like to go to studio to do some exercises. During the exercise, they need some water or soft drinks to drink. So the meaning of ‘cool’. Sprite will attract their attention and persuade them to buy it. They will enjoy playing basketball and drinking ‘cool and fresh’ bottles. And a business has a choice regarding the number of intermediaries to use. Sprite has indirect channels that are distribution channel in which a producer uses intermediaries to serve the market because the products produced by Sprite are sold by retailers. Otherwise, they use vans to transport their products to each shop. Then Sprite also needs to have inventory control which is the management of stock levels. It is critical that it is controlled effectively. It makes Sprite to ensure products are available for sale when needed holding too much stock. In conclusion, it is so clear to see that the selecting a target market is very essential and necessary for each business. It will impact on their marketing strategy and help business to focus on their market segmentations to make more profits and manage its market effectively. 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What to Place in the Definition Box For Essay Contest With the Fountain

What to Place in the Definition Box For Essay Contest With the FountainThe sample what to place in the definition box for essay contest with the fountain is a good way to get an idea about how the writer is going to write the essay. You will learn more by seeing how it is written than by reading it. The writer needs to explain to you what is the example of the sample and the explanation of why it is important for the context of the essay.A description box is an excellent choice if the writer can write the whole essay in its structure. It is vital that the writer can write in this form because of the problem of writing a composition essay. Composition essays require that the writer is able to write sentences and paragraphs coherently. They must be able to write interesting and clear sentences and paragraphs that hold interest to the reader.As you are going to place the description box, first, you need to find out what type of what to place in the box, then you should consider what typ e of sample is going to be placed in the description box. The use of this is like a dictionary for the readers who read the essay. It provides all the necessary details on the essay to enable the reader to read the whole piece properly.A description box helps to keep the explanation of what is meant by the word. The grammar checker can easily check the grammar of the essay by the use of the box. The best thing about it is that it saves time for the writer as he does not have to find out the definition of the word.The best way to find out what to place in the definition box for essay contest with the fountain is to read through the sample of how to write essay first. If you see the description box, read through it first. Try to figure out what the example of the sample is and then start to write your explanation for it. Even if you do not understand the definition of the sample, you can still understand what is in the description box.But, when you see the sample of the what to place in the definition box for essay contest with the fountain, you can start to write the definition of the sample according to the sample. Always include the definitions that are closely related to the sample. Otherwise, the essay is going to be very complicated to write. Even the beginner may not understand what the descriptions are about.In writing about the what to place in the definition box for essay contest with the fountain, make sure that you use examples from the example you are using in your description. It will give the readers a feeling that they have actually read something written by the author of the essay.The definition box for the essay contest with the fountain is a very useful tool in helping the writer to write the essay. Using it, you will know the reason behind the entire writing process of the essay. Writing in this form allows the writer to use the words he has learnt in his school, college.

Campus Assault Essay

Campus Assault Essay Campus Assault Essay Carrying The Weight Columbia University senior, Emma Sulkowicz, speaks firmly outside of her dormitory building. It is a solemn statement, and one that she has repeated to many reporters since school resumed in the beginning of September. Three days into her senior year and still unsure of her rigorous class schedule, Sulkowicz is already swarmed by reporters and photographers on her way to class. The visual arts major has just embarked on her senior thesis, an endurance performance art project she is calling â€Å"Mattress Performance,† in which she will carry around a navy, Twin XL mattress – the exact same kind of mattress on which she was raped the first day of her sophomore year – until her rapist leaves the school through expulsion, voluntary leave, or graduation. Sulkowicz has already received media attention as one of the twenty-three â€Å"complainants† filing April’s Title IX case against the university’s alleged mishandling of sexual assault cases, but the personal attention has escalated since her art piece has gone viral on the Internet. On Mondays, Emma attends class carrying the fifty-pound mattress across campus from north to south and east to west. â€Å"It’s a lot of physical pain,† she says. Unless there are reporters surrounding her, her fellow students, both friends and strangers are eager to help her before and after class. These acquaintances are not helping her get from point A to point B but also sharing in her everyday burden: carrying the weight of her past – and present – upon her shoulders. College students, because of their age, are at high risk for sexual assault, and some researchers believe that college women are more vulnerable than their nonstudent peers. Campus sexual assault is vastly underreported to authorities with fewer than 5-percent of college women who are victims of rape or attempted rape reporting it to the police. Part of the problem is that many survivors do not call their experience rape although it meets the legal criteria, but colleges also often encourage victim blaming through prevention programs that focus exclusively on risk-reduction behavior by potential victims. Drug and alcohol abuse policies that do not include immunity for victims of sexual assault can also hinder reporting. Not having access to confidential or anonymous reporting reduces the number of victims who will come forward and a belief that the assailant will not be punished. President Obama and Vice President Biden joined leaders from universities, media companies, the sports world, and grassroots organizations to launch the â€Å"It’s On Us† campaign against sexual assault on college campuses. â€Å"It’s On Us† is a rally cry inviting everyone to step up and realize that the solution begins with us. It seeks to reframe the conversation surrounding sexual assault in a way that inspires everyone to see it as his or her responsibility to do something, big or small, to prevent it. In launching â€Å"It’s On Us,† President Obama said, â€Å"To the survivors who are leading the fight against sexual assault, your efforts have helped start a movement. I can only imagine how long and lonely your fight must feel. And that’s why we’re all here today – to say that it’s not on you; it’s not your fight to wage alone; it’s on us – all of us – to fight campus sexual assau lt. You are not alone. We’ve got your back.† With the rise of interest and momentum that we’ve seen in just the initial first days of launching the campaign, it’s clear that Americans across the country really do have victim’s backs. The National Campus Leadership Council had worked to sign up two hundred and three campuses to run student-led â€Å"It’s On Us† campaigns. In only a few days, that number has jumped to two hundred and thirty-three campuses nationwide. President George Bush signed â€Å"The Campus Sexual Assault Victims’ Bill of Rights† into law in July of 1992. The law requires that colleges and universities, both public and private, participating in federal student aid programs

5 Ways to Get Inspired when Writing a College Paper

5 Ways to Get Inspired when Writing a College Paper 5 Ways to Get Inspired when Writing a College Paper Y’all know the drill by now. Your professor sets an assignment. You head to the library and get out the relevant textbook. You write up your paper and receive an average grade for your efforts. But what if â€Å"average† isn’t good enough? How do you make your work stand out? How do you get inspired when writing a college paper? One answer is â€Å"independent research,† which will make your work more original. It also demonstrates that you’ve engaged with the topic in depth (rather than merely remembering what you were taught in class). This, however, may involve venturing beyond the library walls in search of inspiration†¦ 1. Conferences and Workshops Some of the best places to get new ideas are academic conferences and workshops, especially if you want to find out about cutting-edge research when it’s first presented. Most conferences are aimed at professional academics and grad students, but it’s definitely worth looking to see if your college is hosting anything relevant to your subject. 2. Books and Journals While a good college library should have everything you need to get by, it’s always worth looking beyond the catalog for additional books and journals. Try checking the reference list in any set texts to see if something grabs your eye. If the library doesn’t have it, ask a librarian if they can order it in. Its here somewhere. Good luck finding it. [Photo: Djembayz/Wikimedia] 3. Getting On(line) The internet, to paraphrase Homer Simpson, is the cause of, and solution to, all of academia’s problems. On the one hand, journal databases provide a quick and easy way to access decades of research in various fields. College message boards, moreover, allow you to discuss academic (and non-academic) matters with other students around the country and beyond. On the other hand, you should be careful when doing research online, as not every internet source is considered suitable for academic work. We’re looking at you, Wikipedia. 4. Talking to Your Lecturers Back in meatspace, you could try asking lecturers, seminar leaders or other academic staff for advice. Most of them will be happy to recommend further reading. Heck, most of them will just be happy you’ve been paying attention. 5. Trade Magazines and Newsletters Finally, if you’re studying a major with connections to a particular industry, reading trade publications will help you to keep up with current news and events in your field. Probably best to go for a slightly more recent issue than this.

Oedipus rex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oedipus rex - Essay Example When Oedipus understands that, he is the murderer of Laios , he insults the oracle and mocks him of his psychic power In rage of revealing the truth, the oracle is threatened to be overthrown from the kingdom. During the same encounter, the Oedipus history of killing his father and marrying his mother is revealed which was part of his history. Here we can see the anxiety of a person in knowing his past and the trauma and trouble it brings into the life of self and others. It is an ardent fact that our life is predestined, even though free will is working, God understands our choices and our fate is written far ahead of time. If we are ignorant or knowledgeable, what is destined will happen no matter how we resist it.Oedipus did the mistake of approaching the Oracle to know his past which completely destroyed his peace and mental balance. When it is the matter of argument between Creon and Oedipus , it started due to the conspiracy accusation of latter on former. Creon being a gentle man rationally explained to Oedipus about his disinterest in being a king and how he handed over the crown to Oedipus with full heartedness and kindness. Creon’s major points are that Oedipus’s kingdom is his granting and he explains that he is less interested in power and wealth as he already possesses them being his wife’s brother. The points seem rational as it explains that Creon has no hand in corrupting the throne of Oedipus. Here Jocasta sang a song to Oedipus about her first born son and his death on order to convince him that he is not the murderer of Laius. Oedipus in the play relates his life story to that of Jocasta in order to counter check whether the person he has killed is his own father. The story of Oedipus made Jocasta think that indeed Oedipus i her son as he mentioned he was called bastard by a drunk man in the kingdom of Corinth. The effect of the story on Oedipus was

People Who Need People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

People Who Need People - Essay Example A comprehensive social contract theory would depend upon the ideas of Stuart Mill, Thomas Locke, and John Rawis. John Stuart Mill’s ideas would be helpful in developing a perfect relationship between the individual and the state. The state, as an entity of authority, should work towards satisfying the individual’s interests. The state, therefore, should ensure that the individual attains the maximum satisfaction possible while also minimizing pain an individual faces. For instance, in terms of food, the state should ensure that a citizen becomes satiated. Similarly, the state should minimize hunger in the individual. The state, however, only performs these duties as long as the satisfaction of an individual does not compromise on the welfare of other individuals. Besides, the state should define a society form the individual’s disposition rather from the communal view (Jeske and Fumerton 163). The state should create an environment that enables the individual conform to oneself rather than conform to the society. Thomas Hobbes’ ideas are crucial in determining the finite capacity of the state in governing individuals’ affairs. Hobbes defines human beings, in their natural state, as unruly and asocial beings whose interests are rarely unified. This imposes the necessity of the state in harmonizing the interests of individuals. The state, therefore, is a natural consequence of individuals’ disorganized nature. Eventually, states behave as human beings as they develop asocial nature. In this perspective, the state should be subject to regulations that ensure it operates within responsible confines. Individuals should not hold the state as an entity that cannot err. This is because the state reflects the magnitude of disorganization present in a society. It is essential for individuals to create structures that ensure unrelenting transformation of the state towards perfection. John Rawls’ theory is essential in rationalizing the John